Lesson 24
Demonstrative and Relative Pronouns Detail
أسماء الإشارة والموصول
Book Two opens with a complete review and extension of demonstratives and relative pronouns, including their dual and plural forms not covered in Book One.
Full Demonstrative Table
Number/GenderNearFarNom. → Acc./Gen.
Masc. singularهَذَاذَلِكَindeclinable
Fem. singularهَذِهِتِلْكَindeclinable
Masc. dualهَذَانِذَانِكَهَذَيْنِ / ذَيْنِكَ
Fem. dualهَاتَانِتَانِكَهَاتَيْنِ / تَيْنِكَ
Human pluralهَؤُلَاءِأُولَئِكَindeclinable
Full Relative Pronoun Table
FormArabicNom. → Acc./Gen.Used for
Masc. sgالَّذِيindeclinableone masculine
Fem. sgالَّتِيindeclinableone feminine
Masc. dualاللَّذَانِاللَّذَيْنِtwo masculine
Fem. dualاللَّتَانِاللَّتَيْنِtwo feminine
Human pl mالَّذِينَindeclinablehuman masc. plural
Human pl fاللَّوَاتِيindeclinablehuman fem. plural
Non-human plالَّتِي / مَاindeclinablenon-human plurals
هَؤُلَاءِ الطُّلَّابُ الَّذِينَ يَدْرُسُونَ فِي الْجَامِعَةِ مُجْتَهِدُون
Hāʾulāʾi ṭ-ṭullābu lladhīna yadrusūna fī l-jāmiʿati mujtahidūn
These students who study at the university are hardworking.
هَذَانِ الطَّالِبَانِ اللَّذَانِ رَأَيْتُهُمَا أَمْسِ الْكُتُبُ الَّتِي اشْتَرَيْتُهَا مُفِيدَة
Hādhāni ṭ-ṭālibāni lladhāni raʾaytuhuma amsi Al-kutubu llatī ishtaraytuhā mufīda
These two students whom I saw yesterday. The books that I bought are useful. (non-human pl → الَّتِي)
- Demonstrative duals: هَذَانِ / هَاتَانِ (nominative) → هَذَيْنِ / هَاتَيْنِ (accusative/genitive).
- الَّذِينَ is for human masculine plural; اللَّوَاتِي for human feminine plural.
- Non-human plural always uses الَّتِي regardless of the original noun's gender this is the same rule as Lesson 13.
- Relative pronouns are مَبْنِيّ (indeclinable) only the dual forms change (just like dual nouns).
- The antecedent of a relative clause must be definite for الَّذِي/الَّتِي/etc. to be used.