Lesson 78
Apposition Badal (Comprehensive)
البدل شامل
All four types of badal with Quranic examples. Understanding badal is essential for parsing complex sentences in classical texts.
All Four Types of Badal
TypeArabic termDescriptionQuranic Example
Substitutiveبَدَل مُطَابِقSecond IS the first same entityصِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ (1:7)
Partialبَدَل بَعْض مِنْ كُلّSecond is a subset of firstمَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ (from النَّاس, 3:97)
Inclusiveبَدَل اشْتِمَالSecond is a property/aspect of firstقِتَالٍ فِيهِ (aspect of الشَّهْر, 2:217)
Error-correctionبَدَل غَلَطSecond corrects an inadvertent first(theoretical not in Quran)
اهْدِنَا الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ صِرَاطَ الَّذِينَ أَنْعَمْتَ عَلَيْهِمْ
Ihdinā ṣ-ṣirāṭa l-mustaqīma ṣirāṭa lladhīna anʿamta ʿalayhim
"Guide us to the straight path the path of those You have blessed." (1:6-7) صِرَاطَ الَّذِين is a substitutive badal of الصِّرَاطَ الْمُسْتَقِيمَ, both accusative.
يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الشَّهْرِ الْحَرَامِ قِتَالٍ فِيهِ
Yasʾalūnaka ʿani sh-shahri l-ḥarāmi qitālin fīh
"They ask you about the sacred month about fighting in it." (2:217) قِتَالٍ is an inclusive badal: fighting is an aspect of the month (genitive, matching الشَّهْر).
- All badal types take the same case as the مُبْدَل مِنْه (the first noun) the badal grammatically substitutes for it.
- Substitutive badal: the second noun IS the first a clarification or alternative name. Most common in Quranic style.
- Partial badal (3:97): مَنِ اسْتَطَاعَ is a subset of النَّاس mawsūl clause is nominative as partial badal from الناس.
- Inclusive badal (2:217): قِتَالٍ (fighting) is an aspect or property of الشَّهْر the month contains fighting; fighting is included within it.
- Badal is one of the most important tools for Quranic parsing understanding 1:6-7 as substitutive badal is foundational to al-Fātiḥa iʿrāb.